/*
 * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of
 * JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained
 * at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
 */

package edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util;

import edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.*; // for javadoc
import java.util.Iterator;

/**
 * A linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at
 * both ends.  The name <i>deque</i> is short for "double ended queue"
 * and is usually pronounced "deck".  Most <tt>Deque</tt>
 * implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements
 * they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted
 * deques as well as those with no fixed size limit.
 *
 * <p>This interface defines methods to access the elements at both
 * ends of the deque.  Methods are provided to insert, remove, and
 * examine the element.  Each of these methods exists in two forms:
 * one throws an exception if the operation fails, the other returns a
 * special value (either <tt>null</tt> or <tt>false</tt>, depending on
 * the operation).  The latter form of the insert operation is
 * designed specifically for use with capacity-restricted
 * <tt>Deque</tt> implementations; in most implementations, insert
 * operations cannot fail.
 *
 * <p>The twelve methods described above are summarized in the
 * following table:
 *
 * <p>
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>First Element (Head)</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>Last Element (Tail)</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Insert</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #offerFirst offerFirst(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Remove</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeLast removeLast()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #pollLast pollLast()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Examine</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #getLast getLast()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peekLast peekLast()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>This interface extends the {@link Queue} interface.  When a deque is
 * used as a queue, FIFO (First-In-First-Out) behavior results.  Elements are
 * added at the end of the deque and removed from the beginning.  The methods
 * inherited from the <tt>Queue</tt> interface are precisely equivalent to
 * <tt>Deque</tt> methods as indicated in the following table:
 *
 * <p>
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b><tt>Queue</tt> Method</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent <tt>Deque</tt> Method</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#add add(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#offer offer(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#remove remove()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#poll poll()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#element element()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link edu.emory.mathcs.backport.java.util.Queue#peek peek()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peek peekFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Deques can also be used as LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) stacks.  This
 * interface should be used in preference to the legacy {@link java.util.Stack} class.
 * When a deque is used as a stack, elements are pushed and popped from the
 * beginning of the deque.  Stack methods are precisely equivalent to
 * <tt>Deque</tt> methods as indicated in the table below:
 *
 * <p>
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Stack Method</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent <tt>Deque</tt> Method</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #push push(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #pop pop()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #peek peek()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Note that the {@link #peek peek} method works equally well when
 * a deque is used as a queue or a stack; in either case, elements are
 * drawn from the beginning of the deque.
 *
 * <p>This interface provides two methods to remove interior
 * elements, {@link #removeFirstOccurrence removeFirstOccurrence} and
 * {@link #removeLastOccurrence removeLastOccurrence}.
 *
 * <p>Unlike the {@link java.util.List} interface, this interface does not
 * provide support for indexed access to elements.
 *
 * <p>While <tt>Deque</tt> implementations are not strictly required
 * to prohibit the insertion of null elements, they are strongly
 * encouraged to do so.  Users of any <tt>Deque</tt> implementations
 * that do allow null elements are strongly encouraged <i>not</i> to
 * take advantage of the ability to insert nulls.  This is so because
 * <tt>null</tt> is used as a special return value by various methods
 * to indicated that the deque is empty.
 *
 * <p><tt>Deque</tt> implementations generally do not define
 * element-based versions of the <tt>equals</tt> and <tt>hashCode</tt>
 * methods, but instead inherit the identity-based versions from class
 * <tt>Object</tt>.
 *
 * <p>This interface is a member of the <a
 * href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html"> Java Collections
 * Framework</a>.
 *
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @author Josh Bloch
 * @since  1.6
 */

public interface Deque extends Queue {
    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque if it is
     * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions.
     * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to
     * use method {@link #offerFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void addFirst(Object e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque if it is
     * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions.
     * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to
     * use method {@link #offerLast}.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void addLast(Object e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque unless it would
     * violate capacity restrictions.  When using a capacity-restricted deque,
     * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addFirst} method,
     * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         <tt>false</tt>
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offerFirst(Object e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque unless it would
     * violate capacity restrictions.  When using a capacity-restricted deque,
     * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addLast} method,
     * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         <tt>false</tt>
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offerLast(Object e);

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque.  This method
     * differs from {@link #pollFirst pollFirst} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object removeFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque.  This method
     * differs from {@link #pollLast pollLast} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object removeLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty
     */
    Object pollFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty
     */
    Object pollLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque.
     * This method differs from {@link #peekFirst peekFirst} only in that it
     * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object getFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque.
     * This method differs from {@link #peekLast peekLast} only in that it
     * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object getLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty
     */
    Object peekFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque,
     * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty
     */
    Object peekLast();

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque (optional)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements (optional)
     */
    boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o);

    /**
     * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the last element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque (optional)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements (optional)
     */
    boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o);

    // *** Queue methods ***

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * <tt>true</tt> upon success and throwing an
     * <tt>IllegalStateException</tt> if no space is currently available.
     * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to
     * use {@link #offer(Object) offer}.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link java.util.Collection#add})
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean add(Object e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * <tt>true</tt> upon success and <tt>false</tt> if no space is currently
     * available.  When using a capacity-restricted deque, this method is
     * generally preferable to the {@link #add} method, which can fail to
     * insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #offerLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         <tt>false</tt>
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offer(Object e);

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, the first element of this deque).
     * This method differs from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object remove();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, the first element of this deque), or returns
     * <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #pollFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the first element of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if
     *         this deque is empty
     */
    Object poll();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque).
     * This method differs from {@link #peek peek} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #getFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object element();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque), or
     * returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #peekFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty
     */
    Object peek();


    // *** Stack methods ***

    /**
     * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this deque (in other
     * words, at the head of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * <tt>true</tt> upon success and throwing an
     * <tt>IllegalStateException</tt> if no space is currently available.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to push
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void push(Object e);

    /**
     * Pops an element from the stack represented by this deque.  In other
     * words, removes and returns the first element of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the element at the front of this deque (which is the top
     *         of the stack represented by this deque)
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    Object pop();


    // *** Collection methods ***

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirstOccurrence}.
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque (optional)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements (optional)
     */
    boolean remove(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this deque contains
     * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;e==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(e))</tt>.
     *
     * @param o element whose presence in this deque is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if the type of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque (optional)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements (optional)
     */
    boolean contains(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this deque.
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this deque
     */
    public int size();

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence.
     * The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence
     */
    Iterator iterator();

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
     * sequential order.  The elements will be returned in order from
     * last (tail) to first (head).
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
     * sequence
     */
    Iterator descendingIterator();
}
